Caracterización de las infecciones en niños portadores de cánula de traqueotomía: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Characterization of infections in children with Tracheostomy Tube: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Resumen Introducción: actualmente los profesionales de la salud se enfrentan al manejo de las vías aéreas artificiales en grupos pediátricos, esto requiere de cuidados delicados y mucha atención para detectar, establecer y manejar situaciones apremiantes; por esta razón, existe un mayor riesgo de aparición de infecciones bacterianas traqueopulmonares. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la caracterización de las infecciones en pacientes pediátricos portadores de cánula de traqueotomía en las diferentes publicaciones científicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante la búsqueda de la literatura existente entre los años 2015-2020 en las bases de datos Elsevier, PubMed, Google Académico y SciELO, teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión artículos en idioma inglés, español y población de edad entre los 0-15 años con infección de cánula de traqueotomía en los años 2015-2020. Resultados: de 258 artículos distribuidos en las bases de datos, se seleccionaron 21 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Conclusiones: a pesar de que en la actualidad existan criterios clínicos, factores de riesgo y pruebas de laboratorio asociados a infecciones de la cánula postraqueotomía en pacientes pediátricos, se requiere mayor investigación para definir las guías clínicas de manejo en la toma de decisiones médicas. Asimismo, se consideró como limitación importante la cantidad de literatura existente con respecto al tema.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, health professionals face the management of artificial airways in pediatric groups, this requires delicate care and a lot of attention to detect, establish and manage pressing situations, which is why there is a greater risk of tracheo-pulmonary bacterial infections. The objective was to analyze the characterization of infections in pediatric patients with tracheostomy tubes in the different scientific publications. Method: A systematic review of the literature was carried out between the years 2015-2020 in Elsevier, PubMed, Google Academic and SciELO databases, taking into account the inclusion criteria of the population aged 0-15 years in the years 2015-2020. The amount of existing literature on the subject was considered an important limitation. Results: From 258 articles distributed in the databases, 21 articles were selected that met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: Although there are currently clinical criteria, risk factors and laboratory tests associated with infections of the post-tracheotomy tube in pediatric patients, further research is required to define clinical guidelines for management in medical decision-making.

Risk factors for mortality in ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: a case-control study / Fatores de risco para mortalidade em traqueobronquite associada à ventilação mecânica: estudo caso-controle

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the microbiological characteristics and to assess the risk factors for mortality of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in a case-control study of intensive care patients. Methods This case-control study was conducted over a 6-year period in a 40-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary care, private hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Case patients were identified using the Nosocomial Infection Control Committee database. For the analysis of risk factors, matched control subjects were selected from the same institution at a 1:8.8 ratio, between January 2006 and December 2011. Results A total of 40 episodes of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis were evaluated in 40 patients in the intensive care unit, and 354 intensive care patients who did not experience tracheobronchitis were included as the Control Group. During the 6-year study period, a total of 42 organisms were identified (polymicrobial infections were 5%) and 88.2% of all the microorganisms identified were Gram-negative. Using a logistic regression model, we found the following independent risk factors for mortality in ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis patients: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation I score (odds ratio 1.18 per unit of score; 95%CI: 1.05-1.38; p=0.01), and duration of mechanical ventilation (odds ratio 1.09 per day of mechanical ventilation; 95%CI: 1.03-1.17; p=0.004). Conclusion Our study provided insight into the risk factors for mortality and microbiological characteristics of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as características microbiológicas e avaliar os fatores de risco para mortalidade na traqueobronquite associada à ventilação mecânica em um estudo caso-controle de pacientes de terapia intensiva. Métodos Estudo realizado ao longo de 6 anos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva médico-cirúrgica de 40 leitos, em um hospital privado e de nível terciário em São Paulo, Brasil. O Grupo Caso foi identificado usando o banco de dados da Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. O Grupo Controle foi pareado na proporção de 1:8,8 entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2011. Resultados Quarenta episódios de traqueobronquites associadas à ventilação foram avaliados em 40 pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva, e 354 pacientes não apresentaram traqueobronquite Grupo Controle. Foram identificados 42 microrganismos (dos quais 5% foram infecções polimicrobianas), sendo que 88,2% de todos os microrganismos eram bactérias Gram-negativas. Usando um modelo de regressão logística, encontramos os seguintes fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade em pacientes com traqueobronquites associadas à ventilação: pontuação da Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation I (odds ratio 1,18 por uma unidade de pontuação; IC95%: 1,05-1,38; p=0,01) e duração da ventilação mecânica (odds ratio 1,09 por dia de ventilação mecânica; IC95%: 1,03-1,17; p=0,004). Conclusão Nosso estudo forneceu informações sobre os fatores de risco para mortalidade e características microbiológicas da traqueobronquite associada à ventilação mecânica.

Aspergilosis traqueobronquial necrotizante en paciente crítico / Necrotizing tracheobronchial aspergillosis in an immunosuppressed patient. Report of one case

Necrotizing tracheobronchitis due to Aspergillus spp is a rare form of invasive aspergillosis. This infection is limited to or predominant in the bronchial tree. The clinical evolution is gradual: from mild non-specific manifestations of acute tracheobronchitis to severe acute respiratory insufficiency determined by a bronchial obstruction syndrome. We report a 38 years old female with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide. She developed an invasive aspergillosis, severe respiratory failure with predominant tracheobronchial damage and upper respiratory complications.

Aspergillus niger causing tracheobronchitis and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a lung transplant recipient: case report / Aspergillus niger causando traqueobronquite e aspergilose pulmonar invasiva em transplantado de pulmão: relato de caso

A case of invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus niger in a lung transplant recipient is described. The patient presented hyperglycemia starting postoperatively, with other complications such as cytomegalovirus infection. The associated predisposing factors and other implications are discussed. Aspergillus niger seems to be a fungal species of low virulence that requires the presence of a severely immunosuppressed host to cause invasive disease.

Descreve-se um caso de aspergilose invasiva causada por Aspergillus niger em um paciente transplantado de pulmão com quadros hiperglicêmicos desde o pós-operatório e outras complicações como infecção por citomegalovírus. Os fatores predisponentes associados e outras implicações são discutidos. Aspergillus niger parece ser uma espécie fúngica de baixa virulência, necessitando a presença de um hospedeiro gravemente imunodeprimido para causar doença invasiva.

Bacterial tracheitis: when croup is not what it seems

Croup or viral laryngotracheobronchitis is a very common paediatric condition. It presents with inspiratory stridor, barking cough and sometimes respiratory distress, following a viral upper respiratory tract infection. The condition has a very good prognosis and responds well to therapy, if required. However, other conditions may mimic it and doctors are always aware of the need to exclude a foreign body aspiration and not to overlook a potential life threatening epiglotittis, much less common now with the successful immunisation against Haemophilus influenzae type B [HiB]. A less well known respiratory tract infection, bacterial tracheitis, can also mimic croup. As it is potentially fatal if unrecognised, it is vital to diagnose it early. Luckily, if suspected early, an immediate and specific management is associated with an excellent prognosis. We describe two children, initially managed as croup, who developed this condition. We discuss when bacterial tracheitis should be suspected, how to differentiate it from the extremely common croup, and how to diagnose and treat it

Traqueitis bacteriana: 22 casos atendidos en el Hospital para el Niño, DIFEM, de 1985 a 1994 / Bacterial tracheitis: 22 cases from Hospital para el Niño DIFEM, from 1985 to 1994

La traqueitis bacteriana (TB) es una enfermedad aguda bacteriana caracterizada por la obstrucción respiratoria alta con fiebre y es diagnosticada por la presencia de secreciones purulentas en la tráquea. Reportamos 22 casos de TB admitidos entre 1985 y 1994 en el Hospital para el Niño de Toluca que fueron diagnosticados por broncoscopia y cultivos bacterianos. Se presentó en los meses de frío (90 por ciento) y 16 casos tuvieron entre uno y tres años de edad. Se encontraron las siguientes bacterias: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, Enterobacter, E. coli y P. aureus, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, Enterobacter, E. coli y P. aeruginosa. Es conveniente que el médico mantenga un alto índice de sospecha de TB en aquellos niños con fiebre y obstrucción respiratoria alta que no responde al tratamiento habitual para crup

Traqueítis bacteriana

La traqueítis bacteriana es una entidad potencialmente fatal que ha reaparecido en la última década con inusitado auge. A propósito de su detección en nuestro servicio decidimos realizar un estudio retrospectivo en el Hospital Universitario de la Misericordia de Santa Fe de Bogotá entre enero de 1990 y julio de 1994. Se revisaron 88 historias de pacientes con diagnósticos clínico sugestivo de traqueítis bacteriana pero sólo 13 pacientes cumplieron con el requisito de confirmación endoscópica del diagnóstico para ser considerados en el presente trabajo. La edad osciló entre 1 y 7 años, predominando el sexo masculino. Existió antecedente de infección respiratoria previa en el 54 por ciento, los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre, tos perruna y dificultad respiratoria; los hemogramas mostraron leucocitosis, neutrofilia y aumento de la VSG. En la endoscopia se observó exudado traqueal, membranas purunlentas y úlceras; en solo cultivo se aisló Staphylococcus aureus. El 62 por ciento requirió permeabilizar la vía aérea, 3 con traqueostomía y 5 con tubo orotraqueal. El 46 por ciento se manejó con oxacilina y todos evolucionaron satisfactoriamente.